How Natural Science And Arts Made Progress Philosophy Essay

How Natural Science And Arts Made Progress Philosophy Essay Everyday in our life, we will learn something new either we realize or not. We gain the knowledge through our own experiences as well as other peoples experiences. From those experiences, we learn which are right or wrong. When we get the knowledge, how can we recognise when we have made progress in the search for knowledge? This essay will be discussed two areas of knowledge, Arts and Natural Science. This essay will discuss how Natural Science and Arts made progress in the context of Scientist and Artists themselves as well as in the context of a knower in the public. Yes, we can recognise that we have made progress in some areas of knowledge if we can first measure the expansion of the knowledge. We measure the expansion of the new knowledge by comparing it with the present knowledge. In Natural Science, we measure the expansion of the new knowledge by comparing it with the present knowledge. If the new knowledge has more benefit compare to the present knowledge, we consider we have made progress in this area. We can say that we recognise we have made progress in the search for knowledge because we can see the benefit of the new knowledge. Here, we take an example of X-ray. Wilhelm Roentgen was the one who found X-ray accidently. He did not know what kind of ray was it, so, he called it X-ray. This was the new knowledge that he discovered at that time. The other scientists made further research about X-ray. They compare X-ray (new knowledge) with the present knowledge, which is light because they found that X-ray is one form of light. Therefore, they compare the properties of X-ray with the properties of light. Then, the benefit of X-ray was determined. One of them is X-ray have high penetrating power. Other researches were made, now, the X-ray is used in medical field. We use X-ray to see the structure of the bones in the body. Besides, X-ray made progress as it is used not only in medical field but also in automotive industry as automatic X-ray inspection. Here, the knowledge expands and we realize the expansion by comparing it with the present knowledge and we can see the benefit of the new knowledge. However, what if there is no benefit of the new knowledge? With the help from the latest technology, the experts found that there is one part of the intestine in human body that called appendix. When they made more research, it is find surprisingly that the appendix has no benefit and if it is remove from the body, there is no negative impact. Yes, it helps for those who has appendix problem if they need to remove it but for whose have no appendix problem, so far, does it means that this discovery is not knowledge to them? It is indeed knowledge and new progress that we know it gives no negative affect. On the other hand, I would like to think that it must have good reason why God created it. It is right that we still need to do more and more research before we make a new progress that is to know its function and its benefit. Can we measure the progress in the search for knowledge in arts? In arts, we still measure the expansion of the art by comparing the new piece of art with the past and present arts. For us to recognise that we have made progress in the search for knowledge in arts, we can see it in two ways, from the satisfaction of the artist who produces the arts and the acceptance from the audience. We know that in arts, there is no absolute truth. Everything can be real in arts. So, here, we can say the expansion of the arts can be seen from the heart of the artist and the audience because both of them may not have the same opinion. Imagine that an artist starts painting pictures and sell them on a street. Then, the artist tries his best to produce more and more pictures that he satisfies until he can display his pieces of arts at art exhibition. After joining the art exhibition, he becomes popular and his paintings become well known around the world. The artist must really feel content with himself because he and his paintings has been recognised from on a street to the art exhibition. In the eyes of the artist who produces the arts, he must be really satisfy because his pieces of arts expand and made progress from the street to around the world. We compare that the piece of art that at first produce on a street now being presented through art exhibition. Before this, the painting just known at the street but now, it becomes popular around the world. This can be the measurement that his content is progressing, his recognition is progressing and the sale of his painting is also progressing. However, what if the audiences do not accept that piece of art? Even though the artist feels content with his piece of art, it means that his content is progress, but if the audiences do not have the same opinion, the artist cannot make progress in his recognition and sales on painting. If the artist produces many paintings but the audiences do not buy or accept them, the artist cannot join the art exhibition. Therefore, for the artist to recognise that they have made progress, they need to consider the opinion and acceptance from the audiences. In any progress made while seeking for knowledge, we will discover more about the advantages and the disadvantages of the subject. When we find more disadvantages, can we claim that we have made progress in that area of knowledge? In natural science, we take the example of X-ray. About X-ray, we know that we have made progress in the knowledge about it. X-ray gives good impact such as with X-ray, we can see the structure of the bones. X-ray helps the doctors to determine the bones condition of the patients. Then, the doctor can decide what to do next. X-ray makes everything easier for the doctors and patients. The discovery of X-ray brings very good impact in medical field. However, X-ray also brings harm to the people around it, who expose to it. Too much uses of X-ray can lead to the formation of cancer. This means, if the patient undergoes too much X-ray test, he/she will have higher tendency to get cancer. The same thing happens to the doctor or nurse who conduct the X-ray test. He/she is exposed to the X-ray for a long period. Thus, he/she can get cancer. If we do not find ways to overcome the danger of exposure to X-ray, this will bring more harm than good. But, with X-ray, it gives a lot of knowledge ab out ones health. That has lots of benefit. Therefore, it is considered as the knowledge made progress. Progress in arts, for example in photography, there is progress from 2D photography to 3D photography. While the arts make progress into 3D, it brings disadvantages when it produces pornography. There are many form of pornography, one of them is pornography in motion pictures. Although photography in 3D brings good impact in arts, as it makes art more realistic but with the present of pornography, it brings negative physiological effect to the society. One of them is it leads to anti-social attitudes and behavior to the person who loves pornography. Male viewers tend to be more aggressive toward women, less responsive to the pain and suffering of rape victims, and more willing to accept various myths about rape.(Anderson, 1992). Besides, pornography leads men and women to experience conflict, suffering, and sexual dissatisfaction. (Anderson, 1992). In both areas of knowledge, natural science and arts, we can recognize we have made progress in the search for knowledge by comparing the new knowledge with the present knowledge. In natural science, if we find the benefit of the knowledge when we compare it with the present knowledge, then we can recognize that we have made progress. Although there might be disadvantages of that knowledge but as long as the benefits if more, we can still consider that the knowledge expand. While in arts, we recognize we have made progress when the artist satisfies with the piece of art.

Scm 3301

SCM 3301 Spring 2013 Exam 1 Study Review The exam will cover chapters 1-4 from the textbook. Format: 34 multiple choice questions of approximately equal weightage from each of the four chapters. Resources to study: * Lecture Notes ( If you have missed a class, please obtain the notes from a classmate) * The textbook * Closely read the sections covered in the lectures * Closely read the material related to the main ideas listed below Main Ideas: Chapter One: Describe a supply chain and define supply chain management. * Describe the objectives and elements of supply chain management. * Describe a brief history and some of the trends of supply chain management. * Understand the range of supply chain management activities common to both services and manufacturing * BUY – Supply * MAKE – Operations * SHIP – Logistics * Coordination – Integration * Understand the current trends in Supply Chain Management Chapter Two: Understand the role of supply management and its strategic impact on an organization’s competitive advantage * Understand the profit leverage of effective purchasing * Have a basic knowledge of the manual purchasing process, e-procurement, small value procurement * Understand strategic nature of the â€Å"make or buy† decision * Understand sourcing decisions and the factors impacting supplier selection * Describe the various considerations in assessing the Total Cost of Ownership * Understand how a supplier portfolio is managed Describe the opportunities and challenges of global sourcing Chapter Three: * Explain the importance of supplier partnerships * Understand the key factors for developing successful partnerships * Understand the principles behind the Weighted Criteria Evaluation System * Understand the purpose and creation of a supplier certification program * Explain the importance of a supplier recognition program * Understand the capabilities of Supplier Relationship Management Chapter Four: Define and a ppreciate the trends in ethical and sustainable sourcing * Define and describe the terms: fair trade products green purchasing social sustainability * Describe how ethical and sustainable sourcing strategies are developed and implemented * Understand how Supply Base Rationalization can help improve a company’s ethical and sustainable sourcing * Understand ways that supplier partnerships can help a company’s ethical and sustainable goals * Understand the use of environmental supplier certification and recognition programs

Press Release Essay

LOUISIANA- Amnesty International has called for the release of Louisiana inmate and Angola 3 member Albert Woodfox after a federal appeals court ruled on Thursday (Nov. 20) in Woodfox’s favor. The major human right organization, stated in a press release Friday (Nov. 21) that Woodfox spending over forty years in solitary confinement, â€Å"raises serious human rights concerns.† The decision from the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a district judge’s ruling that overturned Woodfox’s conviction of murder in 1972 of an Angola guard. According to court documents, a three judge panel all agreed that Woodfox did not receive a fair trial in 1998 when his case was tried a second time do to racial discrimination in the selection of a grand jury foreperson. â€Å"It is time for Albert Woodfox to walk free, and it is unconscionable to hold him for a single day longer, â€Å"said Jasmine Heiss, Senior Campaiger at Amnesty International USA. â€Å"The Fifth Circuit’s ruling in Albert’s favor only adds more weight to our call on the State of Louisiana to stop standing in the way of Albert Woodfox’s freedom.† According to Louisiana Attorney General Buddy Caldwell, his office plans to put up a fight to prevent Woodfox from being released. Caldwell statement below: â€Å"While we are still reviewing the 5th Circuit’s opinion to determine the appropriate action, the important thing to note is that this decision in no way exonerates Albert Woodfox in the brutal 1972 murder of Angola  Correctional Officer Brent Miller. The Appeals Court decision focused on a technicality with the grand jury selection process from as far back as 30 years ago. No court decision, including this one, has ever made a finding which disputes the fact that Albert Woodfox murdered Brent Miller at Angola in 1972. Those facts will always remain true. We respectfully disagree with the Court’s ruling, and remain committed to seeing that the trial jury’s judgment finding Albert Woodfox guilty of murdering Officer Brent Miller is upheld.† Woodfox 67, is the only member of the Angola 3 still behind bars. Angola 3 was derive from a group of supporters who believed that Woodfox and two other prisoners were wrongfully convicted of prison murders for the sole purpose of silencing their activism. The International Coalition to Free the Angola Three is convinced that the men were targeted due to their formation of the Black Panther Party chapter inside the prison. References www.amnestyinternational.com Retrieved on November 22, 2014 www.nola.com Retrieved on November 22,2014

God And Natural Disasters An Explanation Of Theodicy

Elizabeth Carter Professor Fuller PHIL-1301-052 13 November 2015 God and Natural Disasters: An Explanation of Theodicy Each year there are a wide variety of natural disasters occur around the world. According to the website ReliefWeb, on average there are 388 natural disasters resulting in an average of 106,654 deaths and a total of 216 million victims per average year (ReliefWeb). These types of events have caused many people to question the existence of God. How can God be omnipotent and omnibenevolent and allow this or any other evil to exist within this world? This paper will serve to explain how three of the most popular theodicies (Evil as a Privation of Good, the Free Will Defense, and Evil as Therapy) view natural disasters, God’s role within them, and why God allows these events to occur. Natural disasters are any catastrophic events that are caused by nature or by natural processes of the earth and are typically measured by the amount of lives lost and/or the amount of damage caused to a populated area. According to the Internatio nal Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) natural disasters can be broken down into one of the following categories: geophysical, hydrological, climatological, meteorological, or biological (IFRC). Geophysical events include earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, and volcanic activity. Geophysical events can include minor earthquakes like those that regularly occur in California or large scale events such as the tsunamiShow MoreRelatedTheodicies1464 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ A theodicy is a defense of Gods goodness in light of the existence of evil. There are different ways of making an argument that constitutes a theodicy, and in this paper I would like to concentrate on three different styles, and analyze them in terms of their strengths and weaknesses. The first type of theodicy is known informally as the greater good argument: it suggests that the evil that is permitted by God is outweighed by his goodness, and is permitted in the course of establishing someRead MoreThe Problem of Evil Essay examples957 Words   |  4 PagesAdam and Eve first sinned in the Garden of Eden. The first problem that arises from evil is that we believe that the God of classical theism has certain attributes. These are that:  · God is all powerful (Omnipotence)  · God is all loving (Omnibenevolence)  · God is all knowing (Omniscience)  · God creates ex-nilho (out of nothing)  · God is infinite The last point is not as important in this discussion; the others are the main points in the argumentsRead MoreTheodicies and Anti-theodicies in The Quarrel835 Words   |  3 PagesIf God could have made the world without evil and suffering, why is the world full of evil and suffering? This is the question The Quarrel raises in terms of the Holocaust. According to Webster’s dictionary, quarrel implies a heated, verbal dispute typically between two friends. The two friends in The Quarrel, Chaim, an agnostic writer, and Hersh, a rabbi, become caught up in a quarrel as to why such a good God could allow such evil to be present in the world. This essay will discuss the unexplainableRead MoreThere Are Acts Of Evil1720 Words   |  7 Pagesin our world constantly. More so than in years past, we hear about school shootings, terrorist attacks, murders, and natural disasters such as earthquakes, tornadoes and hurricanes. Everyday there is a new headline in the news that proves that evil is happening all around us. This news is seen differently from person to person based on their religious beliefs. Those who believe in God think of him as having unconditional and infinite love for us. This being said, it is very difficult for someone withRead MoreWriting Style Used : Mla912 Words   |  4 Pagesabout the existence of evil in the world God created. This doctrine is more than an explanation for the problem of evil, but it affects our relationship with our all-powerful, all-loving God. The problem of evil, indeed, is an issue that objects to the belief of God s existence. Being the label for a series of problems involving God and evil, evil is seen in many different situations and getting worse nowadays (Elwell 413). 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Gottfreid Leibniz was a philosopher, who took aim at the problem and wished to point out that the existence of evil and God are compatible of evil and andRead MoreAn Analysis of Peter van Inwagens The Magnitude, Duration, and Distribution of Evil: a Theodicy2330 Words   |  10 PagesInwagen’s The Magnitude, Duration, and Distribution of Evil: a Theodicy In his essay, The Magnitude, Duration, and Distribution of Evil: a Theodicy, Peter van Inwagen alleges a set of reasons that God may have for allowing evil to exist on earth. Inwagen proposes the following story – throughout which there is an implicit assumption that God is all-good (perfectly benevolent, omnipotent, and omniscient) and deserving of all our love. God created humans in his own likeness and fit for His loveRead MoreBad Things Happen You Good People And Bad People Alike1405 Words   |  6 PagesBad things happen to good people and bad people alike. There is no such thing as God or Satan. The existence of evil proves that there can be no God. The things that occur in our universe are chance and can be explained by science. Enter humans and you have free will and free thinking which can lead to actions and consequences. Free will gives way to moral consequences. Bad things happen to people because it is part of a greater cosmic roll of the dice. We have evolved and become higher functioning

Cruel World by Lynn Nicholas - 1292 Words

Reflective Journal Part A, Book Review, Cruel World by Lynn Nicholas This book is about the children of Europe during the Nazi reign and offers a comprehensive look at the way children were treated. Most of these children had their childhoods torn away from them by being exposed to horrors. The atrocities committed against some groups of children included sterilization, separation from families and being sent to concentration camps. I found that this book had a huge impact on me as I did not quite realise how bad life got during the Nazi era. I had always known that the Jews suffered greatly at the hands of the Nazis however that is just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to the huge suffering that European children in general went through in this era. The main argument of this book is to get across the horrors of the Nazi era and how they affected children. The book is a tribute to the millions of innocent victims of this terror and a way that their voices and stories can be heard. It almost seems like this book is intending to warn us of conflict but also to remind us that terrible things like this continue to happen today around the world because as Nicholas says â€Å"Even as World War II ended, new conflicts began and others have succeeded without cease, bringing horror and corruption, which stream like blood out of our televisions, to millions of children.† (Nicholas, 2005, p. 558) A strength of this book is that it does not just focus on one group of children butShow MoreRelatedPropaganda During Nazi Germany Essay3427 Words   |  14 Pageswas used to honour the German army(Moeller,2000,102) and to advocate â€Å"persistence and the importance of leadership†(Tegel,2007,p178) during the war years.Bismark(1940) and particularly Kolberg(1945),which was the last film made before the end of World War Two.The film was an appeal from Goebbels for complete sacrifice by the German people(ibid,p186) as well as to restore faith in Hilter by â€Å"celebrating the resistance of the fortress town to the invading Napoleonic armies,under the courageous leadershipRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesFeedback If you have questions related to this product, please contact our customer service department online at http:/ /247pearsoned.custhelp.com/. Acknowledgments In addition to the informal feedback that we have received from colleagues around the world, we would especially like to thank the following people who have formally reviewed material and provided valuable feedback, vital to the revision of this and previous editions: Richard Allan, University of Tennessee– Chattanooga Forrest F. Aven

Literature Review On Language Changes - 2788 Words

A Literature Review Concerning Language Changes of Appalachia Related to the Advent of the Internet Christopher Sharpe Soci 5210: Socio Research Dr. Kelly Foster October 27, 2014 A Literature Review Concerning Language Changes of Appalachia 2 A Literature Review Concerning Language Changes of Appalachia Related to the Advent of the Internet Since the introduction of the Internet a curiosity has been occurring. The day-to-day language and its usage among the people of the United States have been changing. What most would consider being slang terminology and lingo has made its way into the mainstream as well as the professional world in striking ways. Although many studies have been done looking into this issue there is very little data detailing how the Internet has changed those that are considered to be more on the fringe of modern American society, specifically that of the rural Appalachian communities. This is a topic that should be of interest to many academics and professional researchers alike. As rural Appalachia begins to be opened up to the world through the Internet how will this dialect of American English change? What changes have already taken place? As a dialect, the language of Appalachia is an interesting case in American language history. Derived from a plethora of languages and dialects spanning the majority of Northwestern Europe; primarily Germany, Northern Ireland (Scots-Irish/Ulster),Show MoreRelatedA Research Study On Health Promotion, Behavior Change1218 Words   |  5 Pages2015). A systematic literature search was undertaken to establish the importance of workplace for promotion of good health practices, particularly in a social cultural context of behavioural changes in nursing field when encountering different situation at work such as stress and bullying, and how does multicultural workplace affects behaviour of each staff. 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A lot of social changes occurred during this period of time, such as: the roaring twenties, prohibition, the Great Depression, World War II, the fall of the Berlin Wall, and many more. Burgess not only lived through those changes, but also helped influences some social changes in literature and music. Anthony Burgess was a jack-of-all-trades throughout his 76-year-old life. He was a novelist, composerRead MoreThe Importance of an Efficient Group Work Activity 1807 Words   |  7 PagesDepending on my literature research and interviews with teachers and students, the basic problem is that teachers are not aware of its importance and do not know its advantages. Most of the teachers are still using traditional techniques. The teachers control the class, and do not give chance the stude nts to act an active role during the lessons. Contrary to this group work makes students autonomous learners who work collaboratively for their own learning. ( Ahmad Saeed, 2012) Language classroom isRead MorePeer Assessment At The Heart Of Formative Assessment Essay1695 Words   |  7 Pages2. Review of Related Literature 2.1. Peer Feedback Peer assessment lies at the heart of formative assessment. Using peer feedback in writing classrooms enables students learn from their peer and support each other. (Carless, 2011) This goes in line with Vygotsky’s (1978) social-interactionist view which claimed that students learn better when they interact with their peers. Although there are concerns that students may not be able to assess their peers as reliable as their teacher, Carless (2011)Read MoreA Literature Review On Motivations And Types Of Slips Of The Tongue1544 Words   |  7 PagesA Literature Review on Motivations and Types of Slips of the Tongue in Adults’ Speech Language production is a cognitive process we achieve easily and rapidly, but which is extremely complex (Goldstein, 2008: 381). â€Å"Our creative linguistic abilities reflect our tacit or implicit knowledge of the structure of our language† (Chomsky, 1986). â€Å"Our spontaneous speech is far from being perfect. Rather, it is interspersed with irregularities and errors of various kinds. Speakers may begin an utterance butRead MoreTransformative Learning Theory : The Importance Of Planetary Consciousness Essay1641 Words   |  7 PagesTransformative learning theory provides a unique perspective on education through realization, reflection, discourse, and active pursuit of change. This process requires significant effort for the individual and requires deep critical reflection into personal belief systems, inflicted views from childhood, and questioning knowledge. The presented literature explores the origins of transformative learning theory, the importance of a strong plan etary context, and further examples of the applicationRead MoreThere Are Multiple Barriers That Prevent Recent Immigrants1543 Words   |  7 Pagesbarriers that prevent recent immigrants to Canada from accessing mental health services including culture, stigma, and affordability. One of the barriers that prevents immigrants from seeking mental health services is language proficiency (Ohtani, Suzuki, Takeuchi, Ochida, 2015). Language barriers and their implications on mental health care will be reviewed. Brisset et al. (2013) highlights the importance of dialogue between the health care practitioner and the client receiving care. This inhibitsRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Film Analysis1647 Words   |  7 Pagesfocuses on what changes were made from the original play to make the story more modern while also pondering if the original play was already postmodern to begin with. This leads her to discuss how exactly these changes effect the impact of the story along with how authorship is changed in an age of adaption. 2. Due to Courtney Lehmann’s deep analysis of the films postmodern influences within an age of adaption, it will help me when comparing how these adaption changes differ to those changes made in theRead MoreEvaluation Of A Project On Training Curriculum Development1198 Words   |  5 PagesI. INTRODUCTION This capstone project literature review intends among others things, to refine the research ideas, demonstrate awareness of the current state of knowledge on training curriculum development, its limitations and how the research fits in the context of a learning organization. This research process makes a good starting point for the capstone project. The research uses evidence from conceptual theories to database research literature from several learning organizations training

Essentials Of Psychiatric Mental Nursing -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Essentials Of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing? Answer: Introducation Communication is certainly a significant concern for every individual and the individuals must acquire or improve the skills for different types of communication. There are several sorts of communication styles which and each one has its own significance. However, the skills or the competencies regarding communication of the individuals need to be measured through diagnostic tools. I have presented my skills and competencies regarding communication in the following. Self-perceived communication competence scale (SPCC) Presenting a talk to a group of friends is always enriching to me but however when I am supposed to talk to a large meeting of acquaintance, I find it difficult. However, presenting a talk to a small group of friends becomes easy because my assertive style of communication allows me to maintain the sweet spot between being too aggressive as well as too passive. Even though, I find it difficult when it comes to present a talk to a group of strangers, my skills in assertive skill of maintaining the sweet spot between becoming too aggressive as well as passive. This means when I am assertive, when I have the confidence to interact without resorting to manipulation. I know my limits and I cannot allow myself to be pushed beyond them, as someone else wants something from us. Nonetheless, I develop a characteristic of achieving my own goals without hurting others. I scored 80 in presenting a talk to a group of acquaintances, which is comparatively a poor score to me but here I do not use t he characteristic of aggressive communication style such as frightening, explosive and unpredictable. Moreover, I am not supposed to use the language like You are crazy, you make me sick or any sarcastic language. My overall SPCC score for public is 91 and meeting is 95, which enables me to maintain a healthy communication style. Personal Report of Intercultural Communication Apprehension (APRICA) Intercultural Communication skills help me to become flexible during the communication to any cultural or racial group of people. I strongly agree to the fact of being comfortable with a group of people belonging to different culture and group, as my assertive communication style help me to become comfortable with any individual belonging to any culture or group. I scored 56 in inter-cultural, which increases my confidence about the communication. Whenever I get any opportunity, I prefer to get involved in-group discussion with others belonging to different cultural group. For example, every year, I take part in cultural debates in my community where people from different cultural location visit. On the other side, I do not feel hesitate to expose my aggression if something irritates me during the conversation with friends or with the people I know for a long time. However, when interacting with a group of people belonging to different culture I remain calm and relaxed so that others would not feel uncomfortable in communicating with me. I mostly care of my non-verbal behavior such as open posture, systematic balanced, relaxed when I am supposed to start a conversation with an individual from a different culture. Non-verbal Immediacy Scale Self- Report My non-verbal Immediacy Scale score is 85, as there are certain elements that I positively follow and maintain. I have the tendency to use my hands and arm to gesture while talking to people but I avoid touching others on the shoulder or arms while talking to them. I understand that communication is one such thing that improves my efficiency in every field. I never use any such monotonous tone or dull voice while communicating to others. I realize that while talking to someone, it is important to keep an eye-to-eye contact with that person; I avoid looking over or looking away from others while talking to them. I prefer to maintain a relaxed body position while talking to others, which helps to make others comfortable during the conversation. I understand that frowning during the conversation makes other person uncomfortable or lose interest in the conversation; thereby, I do not prefer to frown during the conversation. Nevertheless, I do not move closer to people when I talk to stra ngers because I believe that such behavior could make other person uncomfortable. I strongly agree that I do have many vocal varieties when I talk to people, this means that I tend to lower my voice and speak in polite tone when I communicate with people but when talking to friends I speak with a natural tone. Personal Report of Public Speaking Anxiety (PRPSA) In this particular diagnostic tool, I scored 102, which certainly a moderate sore indicating my weaknesses. I have realized that while preparing for a given speech I observe a state of nervousness in myself. As I am not used to the action of giving public speech, the word public speech makes me worried and anxious. There are some situations I faced when the lecturer in the class asked me to give a speech on a particular topic, I feel nervous if I am not prepared. In fact, if I take earlier preparation for the speech I cannot avoid the nature being of nervous. Furthermore, I observed that while starting speech in a public event, initially my heartbeat goes faster but with time, it becomes easier. As I am not used to the fact of providing public speech, I tend to experience a considerable anxiety while sitting in a room before the speech starts. Thus, I understand that I need to enhance the skills of Personal Report of Public Speaking Anxiety. Talkahalic Scale of Communication This diagnostic tool has wide impact of my communication and I only scored 28 in this talkhalic communication. This is because there are several elements I need to develop. I have observed that in the middle of discussion when others want my opinion, I remain silent for a while, which certainly affects the communication. However, I never felt a situation where I am compelled to keep quite. Nonetheless, when I am supposed to deliver my speech, I often carry away and forget the main theme of the topic. I realize that this happens due to lack of practices. I should have attended more debate and class session where I get the opportunity to deliver speech on a given topic. Identifying two significant communication issues presented in the findings The above-mentioned findings and analysis helps to identify that I need to avoid some fundamental skills of communication to avoid public speaking anxiety. Poor score in public speaking anxiety tool indicates that some of the elements in which I am not good. For example, my heart beats vast when I start a speech, which indicates that I go through a state of anxiety that breaks my confidence. In addition, sometimes I also observe myself dealing with the constant fear of forgetting what I am supposed to say. On the other side, I also face difficulties in compulsive communication. As I found myself remained silent in the middle of the conversation but when the topic of the conversation is familiar and the people as well, I speak like a compulsive talker. Two recent professional interactions and analyzing them with two potential communication issues The above-mentioned discussion is similar to two of the incidents of my life. After completing graduation, I joined a small firm as an intern. I was supposed to give an introductory speech on an event organized by our organization. I prepared for the speech for a week before the event starts. Eventually, when I was standing on the stage to introduce people and deliver an introductory speech, I was shaking and my voice choking and for a few moments, I remained silent to control myself, which was difficult for me. I realized that my skills of Public speaking were not effective and due to these poor skills, my performance in the event was poor. I was not happy with that performance. As I discussed above, in the middle of the speech, I get anxious if someone asks me something about the facts about my speech and at that moment, my mind goes blank. I consider this as inefficiency, which I need to avoid or should be improved. During the event, I also observed myself that certain part of the body feels very rigid and tense while delivering the speech. I also realized that only a little time in the speech makes me very tense and anxious. However, I had the belief that I have the ability to control my feeling of tensions and stress. Another incident in my internship proved my inefficiency in communication skills. Once there was a board meeting about companys production and further growth strategies. That was the first time I was invited in the board meeting. Usually, I speak a lot when talk to the people I know but in that board meeting of the people were unknown. During the meeting I was suppose to provide a new managerial concept to the board members. Nonetheless, even though I do not consider myself as a talkaholic person but in that meeting I could not present my concept in a presentable manner because I was very nervous at that moment in front of the managerial staffs of the company. I was quite when I needed to talk. However, my managers understood the concept, but they were expecting a little more from and that time I silent. Therefore, these two incidents proved my inefficiency in communication and made me realize that I need to improve. Literature Review Communication is always required to work in any competitive field. Due to the increasing level of competition, the organizations are in the rush of hiring skilled people and the communication is the most important thing that organizations firstly expect. In this context, (Goodman, Rudorfer and Maser (2017) mentioned that each individual in their course studies should complete or brush up their communication skills. In order to get a new job or work in a large project, individuals often have to be involved in professional communication or dealings. Public speaking anxiety As put forward by Paula-Prez (2013), public speaking remains as the most commonly reported fearful social situation even though a number of modern theories insists on the significance of cognitive processes particularly in the social anxiety. In this context, Varcarolis (2016) mentioned that a general statement of such theories remains as the presumption that the social anxiety usually result from the negative self-perception or the perceived evaluation by other people in the social situation. In spot of the theoretical significance of cognitions in the social phobia, a research conducted by Stubbings, Rees and Roberts (2015) indicates that less than three quarter of the studies on social phobia utilized any of the cognitive assessment. However, this happens due to the fact that many of the available cognitive measures for social anxiety remains either difficult to operate and score. On the other side, it has also been observed that public speaking remains as the most prevalent fear often observed among the people in both general populations as well as among social phobic individuals. Nevertheless, there are only few instruments that are available to reliably evaluate the range of the public speaking anxiety. In this context, Pull (2012) commented that only measures that direly review or assess the anxiety of public speaking is the Personal report of Confidence as the Speaker Questionnaire. According to Price and Anderson (2012), the individuals with the special phobia observes additional or excessive fear of negative evaluation in situations where they could be observed by other individuals during the interactions with other people. Due to this fear, the social situations are either avoided or ensured with the significant distress. A study conducted by Niles et al. (2015) on social phobia indicates that studies has progressed an its cognitive, psychological and behavioral correlates have now become the fruitful the avenues of multi-model assessment. Furthermore, it has also been studied that behavioral assessment test (BAT) for socially anxious individual generally consists of impromptu public speeches or the roles played social interaction. This can also be standardized. Hence, North, North and Coble (2015) commented that the BAT has been demonstrated to reliably elicit anxious thoughts, changes in the heart as well as blood pressure. German et al. (2016) conducted th e investigation to develop the rating system to appropriately review the overt behavior of the individuals in the social situation. Studies on the influence of talkativeness on interpersonal perception like the source credibility, leadership ability, interpersonal attraction as well as similarity have found strong and a positive linear relationship. Jamieson, Nock and Mendes (2013) opined that a more an individual talk, the more the individual is perceived to be credible and interpersonally attractive. On the other side, Shahbaz et al. (2016) in their study, mentioned the result of the studies on the association between quantity of talk as well as the interpersonal perception calls into question the concept or definition of talking too much. Hence, Day et al. (2012) also commented that the implementation of negative valence to high amount of talks could be the function of confusing communication, which remains between the quality with the communication quantity. Strategies to deal with public speaking anxiety Skills training-As put forward by Gallois and Giles (2015), skills training remains as the strategy for managing public speaking anxiety that usually focus on the learning skills that could help to enhance the specific speaking behaviors. Such skills could relate to any part of the speech making process with the inclusion of topic selection, research and organization, delivery as well as the self-evaluation. Some particular skills training like systematic desensitization could make the public speaking techniques more familiar for a particular speaker, which could lessen the uncertainty. Moreover, it has also been observed in the study conducted by Biocca and Levy (2013), focusing particular areas and then enhancing on them could build help to increase more confidence, which could further lead to more enhancements. In this context, Coopman and Lull (2014) mentioned that feedback is more significant to initiate and maintain more such positive cycle of enhancement. In this context, Varcarolis (2016) mentioned that feedback is more significant to initiate and maintain more such positive cycle of enhancement. Some breathing as well as the stretching exercise release endorphins that are bodys natural antidote to stress hormones. According to Pull (2012), deep breathing remains as the most efficient and proven way to release endorphins. According to some particular studies deep breathing could provides a general sense of relaxation as well as it can be done discretely. In order to receive the benefits of deep breathing, the individual should deep into diaphragm. Therefore, to start the breadth in gently through the nose, the individual can fill up the bottoms part of the lungs with air. During the process, the entire body could pooch out. In such situation, the individuals need to hold the breadth for four to five seconds and they could let it out. Physical relaxation exercise Strategies for managing speaking anxiety could typically help to identify its cognitive as well as behavioral elements, whereas the physical elements are left unattended. However, nonetheless, engage in physical exercise to offset general physical signs of anxiety occurred by cortisol and the release of adrenaline release. This might include the increased heart rate, flushing, high blood pressure as well as the inefficiency in speech fluency. Self-Perceived Communication Competence It was studied that the conceptualizing as well as the measurement of communication competence could create a considerable controversy. In this context, Jamieson, Nock, and Mendes (2013) mentioned that while acknowledging that it may or may not be meaningfully related to the objective external measures of communication competence. However, a study conducted by Pull (2012), in 1998, with the rationale that people make significant communication McCroskey advanced the communication competence. Moreover, the individual do this on the basis of their self-perception. Hence, the justification or the rationale has been developed or advanced by Phillips in 1968 in their reticence theory. It has also been studied that true behavior competence could be highly variable just as the function of situation and context, the talkaholic are assumed to be indifferent on the basis of the situation. Compulsive speaking- Most of the people have observed or encountered some individuals who speak more than the others do. Here, the volume, speed and the duration of their orations could leave the perplexed listener at the loss as how to deal with the incessant talker. In this context, Varcarolis (2016) mentioned that most of the listeners are usually let with feeling excluded as well as insignificant at the time of confronting with the barrage of words. According to Paula-Prez (2013), almost 4% of the adult population usually suffers from Attention Deficit Disorder, which further includes a history of earlier academic difficulties, frequent job change as well as self-reported psychological maladjustment. In this context, Pull (2012) mentioned that anxiety is another usual causation of incessant communication or speaking. Here, the individuals could be anxious to maintain contact and they could be uncomfortable with the pauses. Action Plan Type of activities Current performance Things I need to improve Time required Taking a short course on Compulsive Communication I believe that the communication that is being undertaken by me is compulsive as I feel that the people are bound to pay attention to everything I say, which actually might not be relevant to the context. In this connection, I have faced several issues in communicating with people fixing my attention on the context that is required to be focused. However, I feel that I whatever I speak might not be of any use to the people with whom I am communicating, but then again it is unfortunate that I cannot resist myself from speaking out. The compulsive communication that is being undertaken by me can be avoided through the understanding of the different requirements of the communication. A thorough understanding of the context will help in developing the essence of a good communication, which will have clarity and brevity. A clear and brief message is always more effective than a lengthy message. Therefore, I must take steps to focus more on the context, other than swimming in the shallow waters. I must understand that communication helps mainly in the development of the message and the understanding of the message as well. Therefore, I must take steps to cut short the exaggeration and make the messages brief and simple for the better understanding of the receptor of the message. The time that might be required for bringing in the change is eight to nine months depending on the improvements. Taking a session on Public Speaking Anxiety I believe I am also suffering from Glossophobia, which is actually a speech disorder in the public. At times, I have felt that the anxiety in me grows even with the thought of delivering a speech in public. The people staring at me, the lights and the pulpit bring me chills. The most important part of the impact is that my nerves seem to fail at the very thought of delivering a speech. The issues that are being faced by me are causing a distortion in the speech, which is affecting the communicative abilities. I have also observed that the fear conquers over my senses that pose a serious threat to my communicative abilities in the public. The major aspects of the change that is required to be undertaken by me is based on the eradication of the fear. I suppose, I must make serious improvements in the process of verbal communications. It is supposed to help me in maintaining a good public communication skill. The most important aspects of the change that is required to be undertaken are based on the fear that resides within the thought of delivering a speech in public. Proper understanding of the public communication skills will be helping in determining the different aspects of the change in the communicative capabilities. The time that is required for undertaking the change is most probably based on the time that will be required for the eradication of the fear. I believe that I will be requiring a training of four months and a practice of three weeks in order to fix the issue faced by me while communicating. References Biocca, F., Levy, M. R. (Eds.). (2013).Communication in the age of virtual reality. Routledge. Coopman, S. J., Lull, J. (2014).Public speaking: The evolving art. Cengage Learning. Day, A., Paquet, S., Scott, N., Hambley, L. (2012). Perceived information and communication technology (ICT) demands on employee outcomes: The moderating effect of organizational ICT support.Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,17(4), 473. Gallois, C., Giles, H. (2015). Communication accommodation theory.The international encyclopedia of language and social interaction. German, K. M., Gronbeck, B. E., Ehninger, D., Monroe, A. H. (2016).Principles of public speaking. Routledge. Goodman, W. K., Rudorfer, M. 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